Morphological mutation of Lentinula edodes mycelium, particularly detectable in the dikaryotic state

A morphological mutation particularly detectable in the dikaryotic state was found in Lentinula edodes. The mutant dikaryon was readily distinguishable from the normal dikaryon by the irregularly branched short hyphae, very slow hyphal growth, and sparse aerial hyphae. Genetic analysis revealed that expression of this mutation was controlled by a single recessive gene, mor-13. Linkage analysis showed that the mor-13 was not linked to either the incompatibility factors (A and B) or the five kinds of mor genes that were segregated independently of each other in a previous study. Contribution no. 380 from the Tottori Mycological Institute     

Construction of a Homologous Selectable Marker Gene for Lentinula edodes Transformation

We cloned a gene for the iron sulfur protein (Ip) subunit from an edible mushroom, Lentinula edodes, and introduced a point mutation that confers carboxin resistance into it. The mutant gene successfully transformed L. edodes with high efficiency (9 transformants/2.5 μg vector DNA). Restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) increased the transformation efficiency by about two-fold.     

Genetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA of Lentinula edodes

Genetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of Lentinula edodes was carried out using rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) as genetic markers. Two compatible monokaryotic strains that differed in the endonuclease digestion patterns of their rDNA were used. The dikaryotic strain established by crossing them produced mixed RFLP patterns. Single-spore isolates derived from the dikaryotic strain showed three types of rDNA RFLP patterns: either one of the two parental types or a mixed type. From the frequency of the mixed type, the recombination value of rDNA tandem repeats was calculated to be 31.4%. Linkage analysis between rDNA and two incompatibility factors (A and B) revealed that rDNA was not linked to either factor. The rDNA genotypes did not affect mycelial growth among the single-spore isolates.     

Cloning of the Lentinula edodes B mating-type locus and identification of the genetic structure controlling B mating

During the life cycle of heterothallic tetrapolar Agaricomycetes such as Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, the mating type system, composed of unlinked A and B loci, plays a vital role in controlling sexual development and resulting formation of the fruit body. L. edodes is produced worldwide for consumption and medicinal purposes, and understanding its sexual development is therefore of great importance. A considerable amount of mating type factors has been indicated over the past decades but few genes have actually been identified, and no complete genetic structures of L. edodes B mating-type loci are available. In this study, we cloned the matB regions from two mating compatible L. edodes strains, 939P26 and 939P42. Four pheromone receptors were identified on each new matB region, together with three and four pheromone precursor genes in the respective strains. Gene polymorphism, phylogenetic analysis and distribution of pheromone receptors and pheromone precursors clearly indicate a bipartite matB locus, each sublocus containing a pheromone receptor and one or two pheromone precursors. Detailed sequence comparisons of genetic structures between the matB regions of strains 939P42, 939P26 and a previously reported strain SUP2 further supported this model and allowed identification of the B mating type subloci borders. Mating studies confirmed the control of B mating by the identified pheromone receptors and pheromones in L. edodes.     

Ester Formation by Alcohol Acetyltransferase from Brewers’ Yeast

Alcohol acetyltransferase responsible for the formation of acetate esters during beer fermentation was found to be localized at the cell membrane of brewers’ yeast. This cell membrane-bound enzyme was purified 120-fold by solubilization with Triton X-100, gel filtration on a Sepharose 6B column and chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column. The enzyme was most active at 30°C at pH 7 ? 8. It was least active against C₃ alcohol among C₁ ? C₆ alcohols, and slightly more active against straight-chain alcohols than against branched-chain alcohols with the same carbon number. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by unsaturated fatty acids, heavy metal ions and sulfhydryl reagents.     

香菇基因组高分子量DNA的提取

介绍了一种简便快速提取香菇基因组DNA的方法,该法是对提取真菌DNA的SDS和CTAB法进行改进而成,经过修改后的SDS-CTAB法可在较短时间内高效地提取香菇基因组总DNA.制备物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测到大于20kb的DNA主带,基本无DNA碎带;OD260/280值显示产物纯度高,完全符合AFLP分析的要求。     

过表达漆酶基因Lelcc1的香菇菌株构建及表型分析

真菌漆酶（laccase）是一种多酚氧化酶,在真菌生长发育中具有重要作用。本研究采用根癌农杆菌介导转化的方法,以香菇Lentinula edodes菌株W1为受体菌株,在Leactin基因启动子调控下过表达Lelcc1基因;对其中7个单拷贝插入的转化子进行qRT-PCR分析,7个Lelcc1基因表达量较出发菌株W1均上调了1.5-8倍。进一步分析了这7个转化子的遗传稳定性;挑取了3个稳定的转化子进行表型分析,主要包括不同培养基中的生长速度、代料栽培过程中菌棒转色程度、以及透射电镜观察菌丝细胞的超微结构。发现转化子和受体菌株W1的生长速度无显著差异,但代料栽培过程中转化子较W1转色更快,菌棒表面颜色更深;透射电镜观察菌丝细胞的超微结构发现在细胞壁厚度、细胞膜形态等方面,其中两个超量表达转化子与W1间存在显著差异。结果表明,香菇Lelcc1基因可能参与了转色过程中色素合成或积累,也可能与细胞壁形成有关。     

Characterization of a shiitake mutant strain producing ballshaped fruiting bodies

Growth characteristics of a spontaneous mutant of shiitake Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler were studied. The mutant was first detected as a result of changes in the growth habit of the normal strain in the liquid medium. Abundant formation of aerial hyphae was distinctive. In sawdust logs the mutant strain produced abnormal basidiocarps, lacking stipe, gill and spore formation.
Growth rates of the normal and the mutant strain were compared in two liquid media: malt-yeast extract and Leatham's medium. The increase in dry weight of the mutant's mycelium was much higher than that of the wild type in both media, which indicated better adaptation to liquid culture. In the sawdust, however, growth of the mutant was slower than that of the normal strain. The mutant's intracellular protein content was lower than that of the normal strain. The pH of the liquid cultures differed: the wild type decreased the pH during growth, while the mutant increased the pH. Comparison of the protein and esterase isoenzyme profiles of the vegetative hyphae of both strains indicated profound differences. One protein (pI 6.5, 39 kDa), which in earlier studies has been found to be typical of L. edodes species, was absent from the mutant's profile. Differences in the esterase profile were also clear.     

微卫星(TATG)n基序在香菇菌种中的验证

以（TATG）4重复序列为引物对香菇属的3个种13个菌株的微卫星区DNA进行PCR扩增,15%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳,获得了25个条带,并且在供试菌株上表现出多态性,可以实现遗传分类研究。为了验证微卫星分子标记实验准确性,又用RAPD技术对13个供试菌株进行了实验。7个引物在13个菌株上共获得了102条多态性条带。通过聚类分析,RAPD获得的分类结果与微卫星分子标记获得的结果一致。此外,为了证明微卫星分子标记获得的条带不是假阳性,在实验中回收了No.10菌株的PCR扩增产物,进行克隆测序。测序结果显示有（TATG）n基序存在,并且达到了微卫星基序重复数量的最低限度。通过本实验可知,香菇中是存在微卫星（TATG）n基序的, 且基序的多态性可以用于香菇的遗传分类研究。